The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 Free Essays

string(62) any obstruction may prevent the readiness to exhaust them. Dynamic A global law licenses expectant self-protection if there should arise an occurrence of a fast approaching assault. The pre-emptive utilization of power is twofold edged, as any activity to the opposite of the UN Security Council is viewed as a break, while early intercession is an encroachment of the privileges of the state. Iraq assaulted Kuwait in the mid 90s and this demonstration prompted an up and coming assault on Iraq by the UK, USA and East Asian countries[1]. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now This was following the authorisation of the UN Security Council to advance security and harmony in the region. All the more explicitly, this paper will concentrate on the conditions that set off an assault on Iraq and its suggestions. The current paper examines the legitimateness of the USA assault on Iraq. What's more, the paper features those teachings utilized by different countries in guaranteeing that harmony and security are kept up, around the world. The paper remarks on the effect of the utilization of power in Iraq. The current paper in this way fundamentally thinks about and assesses the lawfulness of utilization of power against Iraq, in 1991 and in 2003, from a global lawful point of view. 1.1 Introduction â€Å"The right to life† is a key prudence and crucial standard, in the midst of war and harmony. In addition, philanthropic law and human rights mutually regard human poise and human qualities and it is troublesome, in this way, to appreciate central rights when a person loses their life. The total state to one side to life is confronted with difficulties, with the need to balance out and keep up lawfulness in the public eye, which can on occasion lead to the utilization of force[1]. The regular citizens and the individuals from the military appreciate the crucial right to life; be that as it may; the privilege is restricted to the cultural requests under which compassionate law works. This infers the privilege to life is supreme; be that as it may, a regularizing structure ought to be set up to represent any death toll, to guarantee social strength and request all through society. Universal law constrains the utilization of power to keep an individual from losing their life. Besides, The European Convention is the pioneer of the restriction for Protection of Human Rights[2] and Fundamental Freedom, which attests that there ought to be no additional power other than outright power while defending an individual from unlawful brutality or when subduing an uproar, in spite of the fact that the Convention gives special cases which result from legal war acts. This paper additionally centers around the conditions that prompted the assaults on Iraq, with theUK, the USA and certain East Asian nations being the nations which took an interest in the attacks[3]. The paper at that point proceeds to build up a contention with respect to the legitimateness of the power which was applied in Iraq. It is fought that the USA government under President Bush embraced a pre-emptive self-protection system and the paper suggests the helpful intercession as another strategy for self-preservation. The examination finishes up by contrasting, assessing and contending both for and against the legitimateness of the utilization of power against Iraq, in 1991 and in 2003, from a worldwide lawful point of view. 1.2 The Circumstances under which Force is applied 1.2.1 Possession of Nuclear Weapons Global law has assessed conditions under which outfitted clash is viewed as legal, particularly for the reasons for self-preservation. Under universal law, Article 2(4) of the United Nations Security Council, expresses that the danger to have or utilize atomic weapons is unlawful[4]. This, along these lines, infers that the rebel states which act to the opposite of Article 2(4) of global law are working unlawfully. A maverick state may, notwithstanding, use weapons for the most part with the end goal of self-protection. The rebel countries are likewise upheld by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) which attests that on account of a sound discouragement, there is requirement for the utilization of (or plan to utilize) atomic weapons. The law additionally repudiates the way that the danger to utilize a weapon is unlawful under Article 2(4)[5]. Be that as it may, the aim of the state to utilize weapons might be viewed as legitimate, on the off chance that it is focused on self-pres ervation. Likewise, signatory states are required to agree to the Nuclear Non-multiplication Treaty, which diagrams three significant standards, to be specific: demobilization, a natural right to atomic use and non-expansion of atomic vitality. The bargain characterizes two classes of states: states which are credited and utilize atomic weapons (Nuclear Weapon States-NWS) and countries that are not permitted to possess, assembling and utilize atomic weapons (Non-Nuclear Weapon States-NNWS). All things considered, certain states might be convinced to enter the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT), so as to flag their atomic preferences[6]. Joining NPT resembles a responsibility which can demolish a non-coordinating state by corrupting its reputational position, because of infringement of the bargain. Be that as it may, the ownership of (or utilization of) atomic weapons is legal, in spite of a state being a part or a non-individual from the NPT. It is contended in this paper the beginning of NPT is a danger to the International Community and that the arrangement for states to possess and utilize atomic weapons has made a critical â€Å"loophole† as part states can legitimately claim uranium and plutonium which can be utilized in assembling atomic weapons, in a brief timeframe. Nonetheless, doubtlessly certain deviations have been submitted against the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), with scarcely any gatherings having approved an extra convention towards NPT which guarantees that state individuals must follow the IAEA safeguards[7]. The IAEA, for example, believed Iran to be against NPT commitments. This constrained the IAEA to set up straightforwardness measures to guarantee that there is a particular weapon acknowledgment as per its atomic programmes[8]. Also, the United Nations Security Council has settled that nations ought not utilize uranium, yet ought to agree to IAEA necessities. This suggests rebel states having atomic limit are in danger, because of the ICJ goals which expresses that ownership of weapons may legitimize the degree to which any obstruction may frustrate the readiness to exhaust them. You read The Legality of Use of Force against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 in classification Exposition models This likewise suggests maverick countries are a possible hazard as they may effortlessly assault different states. Ostensibly, accordingly, atomic multiplication is a significant wellspring of danger which has expanded the potential for atomic psychological oppression. 1.2.2 Self-protection Article 51 of universal law gives each express the privilege and force against atomic attacks[9]. Moreover, the contract has no preference, on the off chance that one of its individuals is a dependent upon an assault, in this manner it is commanded to give it the privilege to self-preservation, where sSovereign states are qualified for the privilege and it is likewise part of the standard law. An outfitted assault is one of the conditions which can advance self-preservation under the worldwide law contract. The state, subsequently, needs to characterize animosity dependent on Article 3(b) which expresses that a furnished assault is the utilization of a weapon by a country which is against the uprightness of the other country. Besides,, the utilization of atomic weapons against another state is a permit to self-protection. Worldwide law doesn't perceive non-state members in supporting a remote force. In like manner, those states that help non-state association in atomic weapons’ exercises might be endorsed for their activities. In view of the standards of exemption, a state which backers or supports fear based oppressors in any capacity in leading an equipped assault is viewed as a furnished attacker[10]. This implies, if a country underpins fear mongers with atomic weapons and encourages them in leading an assault on another nation, the casualty country has an option to act in self-preservation against the holding nation. Global law expresses that for a state to lead an expectant demonstration of self-protection, the assault must be inevitable. It subsequently suggests that, for the self-protection to be viewed as legal, there must be a sure time-scale component which should be fulfilled, for example the demonstration of animosity must be close and up and coming. Thusly for a self-protection to be viewed as legitimate, there must be an up and coming atomic assault on the beneficiary state. Besides, global law likewise expresses that for self-preservation to be viewed as legal, it must be relative and necessary[11]. This suggests an important demonstration needs to incorporate a military assault. The sanction likewise emphasizes that for self-protection to be legal, the outfitted assault must be nonstop. Furthermore, the measure of power brought about must be like the measure of power used to find out a relative self-protection. Legitimate self-preservation ought to likewise comply with the helpful law which expresses that self-protection should hold fast to the Laws of the Armed Forces. The mankind standard deflects pointless torment and unnecessary injury; the law likewise restricts the utilization of inordinate power, to the degree of prompting coincidental loss of blameless lives, to military bit of leeway. This shows there are various conditions under which states are permitted to utilize power. 1.3 Background Information to the Attacks on Iraq The UK, the USA and East Asian nations attacked Iraq, in 2003; be that as it may, the explanations for the assault are as yet not unmistakably characterized. A few strategy supports have been advanced. For instance, the US government insinuated the requirement for the US to ensure its Iraqi partners and the world on the loose. The US government additionally supported its activities, in view of the danger of psychological warfare. The US additionally clung to the UN Security Council’s requests to incapacitate Iraq. The Bush government revealed

Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worldwide Leadership - Essay Example Further, the discourse proffered ramifications of the pattern to Western nations and an ID for reasons for concern. Reference was made to Ghemawat and Hout’s (2008) article entitled â€Å"Tomorrow’s Global Giants: Not the Usual Suspects† to surmise the potential dangers China and India could deliver in contemporary worldwide organizations. The should be careful and to get ready to pull together worldwide systems is prescribed to address looming worldwide authority of these monsters later on. â€Å"China and India: Contest of the Century† The article from The Economist entitled â€Å"China and India: Contest of the Century† at first made reference to worldwide forces of the nineteenth century as fixated on three particular countries: America, Japan, and Germany, after the British Empire had a lot of prevalence in politically influential nation. The article consequently featured China and India at the middle stage, as rising worldwide monsters in the 21st century. The justification for these two countries’ worldwide noticeable quality lies in different components, indeed: the populace and the geographic size, among others, classifying them as mainlands.

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Hire a White Paper Writer Online White Paper Writer for Hire Online Home›White Paper Writer for Hire OnlineWho Can Help Me With White Paper Writing?Not sure how to write a white paper? What is white paper writing exactly? This type of assignment is an authoritative guide or report that assesses a problem and finds the right solution. When you go out into the business world, writing a white paper can be effective for helping you generate business leads and market your products. It is especially important when you need to understand and address a particular issue. If you are struggling with your white paper assignments, your best bet is to hire a white paper writer from QualityCustomEssays.com.If you want to succeed in a highly competitive business environment, a credible white paper is key. Compared to those dull, run-of-the-mill advertisements, consumers are likely to respond to highly informative white papers. Of course, a good white paper needs to be well organized and properly targeted to the particular audien ce. This is exactly what your white paper writer can do for you.White paper writing can be so inspiring if you know how to do it right.  But if you dont? We recommend you not to wait for motivation or inspiration.  We can write an excellent white paper right now. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)When seeking out our white paper writing services, we provide our clients with expert white paper writers who complete assignments that are persuasive, thoroughly researched, and very practical. Our professional experts have been helping students with their writing tasks for years, which means they know the ins and outs of crafting a perfect white paper.

Amongst The Time Of American History, Liberty Has Been

Amongst the time of American history, liberty has been a topic for decades and many more to come. Throughout time, the idea of liberty has changed tremendously. One can define the term liberty, as the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one s way of life, behavior, or political views. John Winthrop believed in using God’s word. When Winthrop became the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he took people’s rights away due to the fact that liberty was living by the word of God. Winthrop’s idea of liberty is new to the term liberty that Americans know and believe in, during this time period. Many colonists came overseas because of the problems that were occurring in Britain. This lead†¦show more content†¦The other idea of liberty Winthrop is the civil or federal idea. Winthrop claims the civil and or federal idea relates to the moral law. Winthrop says this form of liberty is politic covenants amongs t men themselves. This is the proper object of authority in which you cannot be without. Winthrop has a Twofold idea. This is a conformity with the work and end we aim at. In the Excerpts from â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity,† he defines the way of a Christian. Winthrop says we should abide by our Lord and be comfortable with the bond he shares with us. This can help form trust to believe in the authority of God. Secondly, he says we should â€Å"seek out a place of cohabitation†¦under a due form of government both civil and ecclesiastical. In such cases as this, the care of the public must overway all private respects, by which, not only conscience, but mere civil policy, does bind us. For it is a true rule that particular estates cannot subsist in the run of the public†. This quote helps define Winthrop’s views on the authority of God, he believes in the Churches of Christ which can help one communicate with God and trust in his reasoning’s. Wi nthrop then goes on to claim that at the end of one’s life, is not necessarily the end. It is to better one’s life to be of aid to our Lord. Winthrop’s idea of Twofold, is seen to him to be special and different. This means to not accept the common things. One shouldShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Freedom Of Speech950 Words   |  4 PagesLiberty is the state of being free, to be able to speak and express yourself freely. Liberty was not absolute for everybody. Way back and even today people still don’t have complete liberty in America. The early Americans put limits on freedom even when they were trying to create more freedom. The type of limits that the early Americans put on freedom were limits on freedom of speech, and much more. Even with the American Revolution, it was not for everybody. The American Revolution was onlyRead MoreThe Constitutional Right Of Liberty Of Contract, By Franklin D. 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Although European thoughts of liberty set the tone for what was conceivable, those freedoms looked to some degree changed in pioneer North America, where indigenous and AfricanRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights891 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Liberties and Rights The notion of Civil Liberties and Civil Rights in the United States have their origins before the creation of the country in the writings of the Enlightenment, which was the dominant cultural movement in the years leading up and shortly after the founding of the country. First laid down on paper by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, the proclamation â€Å"all men are created equal† and are â€Å"endowed by their creator with certain, unalienable Rights, that amongstRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights851 Words   |  4 PagesCivil liberties and civil rights are very commonly used statements, which can be carelessly misused. Both statements are similar to some degree, but do hold different meanings. 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Gender Roles Of A Man And A Woman - 1493 Words

We are all familiar with this popular topic that has not only been speculating this modern generation but generations before as well, as gender roles origin start from an early age. As children we are taught the difference between toys and colors; blue is for boys having to be associated with being masculine and pink is girls having to be associated with being a soft and feminine color. Though gender roles aren’t always clear as let’s say how most people associate an action figure or a dream car/ cooking station, gender roles are a huge part of the society we live in today. The power struggle between a man and a woman has much to do with the current gender gap that is worldwide. Through a few of the books we have read in class we see very†¦show more content†¦This along with many other things that our narrator experienced eventually lead the way women acted in public and how their behavior would change in private; being on opposites. I recall one instance in th e movie where Marjane ends up attending secret parties frequently because it would allow men and women to mingle, it was a way for them to find a semblance of equilibrium, so they would party constantly. Women that were promiscuousness were highly frowned upon in the repressive society our narrator lived in, and even though some women said found the rule that if you had sex before marriage, you hid it. Marjane at the start of novel is not the same Marjane at the end, she came to understand that her destiny as a woman was dependent on the state’s allowance or disallowance of women’s freedom. Throughout the novel we see examples of very strong Iranian women; they kept their household together, had jobs and kids. But overall the roles that women played during this time were often repressive, and our main narrator stood to up of these beliefs, as much as she was able to in public; in order to break away from traditional gender roles. 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The short story A Season of Madness, by Hanan Al-Shaykh, shows some problems of genders and society. In A Season of Madness, the author tells a story of a Lebanese woman-

Counterterrorism and home grown terrorist Free Essays

The problem posed by terrorism has received serious attention not only in this country but also in the international community. It poses a real menace and challenge to the nation peace and security, harming the life, dignity and safety of the innocent people. This also weakens the economy and put dangers in all aspect of the states activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterterrorism and home grown terrorist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The September 11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D. C. killed citizens from 83 countries and (according to the United Nations estimates) cost the global economy at least 350 billion dollars. Terrorism is proving to be the dark side of globalization, and because of it, new challenges to the country have emerged. In order to deal with such a complex phenomenon, it is essential to shape a comprehensive and nuanced strategy. The nation should take serious position against terrorism no matter when, where and what forms it occurs, or whom it is targeted. All agencies of the government, local or national, including every individual should step up their cooperation in preventing and combating terrorism. How serious a threat is homegrown terrorism in the United States? Experts say it is quite likely that the next terrorist attack will not be the work of well-trained al-Qaeda operatives sent from abroad, but rather that of an American citizen. As al-Qaeda leaders focus more of their energy on trying to inspire others to commit acts of terror, most security and counterterrorism officials believe their message will resonate with at least some small number of Americans. Such fears tend to focus on American Muslims, and experts say this is logical given recent events in Europe. Yet the American Islamic community also has proven one of the government’s best resources for preventing the emergence of homegrown Islamic terrorists. Richard A. Falkenrath, New York City’s deputy police commissioner for counterterrorism, recently told the Senate Homeland Security Committee that the possibility of a ‘homegrown’ terrorist attack against New York City or any other American city is real and is worsening; it is hard to anticipate the motives or actions of a homegrown terrorist. Yet despite the high probability of a homegrown terrorist attack, experts say such an event is likely to have a relatively small impact when compared to attacks by conventional terrorist networks but it should be cautioned that self-radicalized individuals and groups can become far more dangerous when they reach out for support from more established terrorist networks. BODY: I. Combating Terrorism: To combat the terrorism, expert stresses the need to grasp two aspects of terrorism: Its root causes and its technological Complexity. The root causes of terrorism, both domestic and international, are varied and complex. One set of factor is essentially ideological and includes religious and ethno nationalistic extremism. Second is the technological complexity, the new terrorist are distinguished by their general ability to use new information and communication technologies. They are also fully able to exploit technology to enhance their illegal transnational activities (Banlaoi, 2004). II. Three factors that must be considered in dealing with terrorism: First, it must involve the gradual and painstaking winning of the hearts and mind of disaffected peoples, great patience and endurance is required. Second, the political nature of the campaign against terror suggests that such a comprehensive strategy cannot be pursued without full cognizance of the potential negative consequences of any action contemplated. Thirdly, a comprehensive strategy must be implemented within a substantive multilateral framework, and ensure the fullest regional participation. There should be four key of such a strategy, socio economic, coercive, political and technical. Socioeconomic measures, poverty and extreme socioeconomic marginalization are root causes of terrorism. These may be the result of either deficient domestic policies or powerful globalization processes. Hence developed countries should increase trade, investment and aid linkages with developing countries to enhance their capacities for good governance. Coercive Measures, Strong legal enforcement measures such as freezing of assets and detentions of individuals suspected of complicity in terrorist plots, are the first line attack in the campaign against terror. Political Measures, terrorist by definition fight for a political cause, perceived as ‘just’ or otherwise. Terrorist groups also often feed upon political issues for support/ such as grievances and opposition to illegal and armed occupation, oppression, and abuse and denial of civil and political rights. Technical Measures, It is vitally important that the capacity of the terrorist to plan, fund and implement their activities must be targeted (Banlaoi, 2004). III. The country’s practical measures against terrorist are the following: (1) Identification of terrorist,(2) Location and tracking identified terrorists, (3). apprehension of identified terrorist, (4). Prosecution of the identified terrorist and (5), Punishment of the guilty terrorist (Marchetti,1976) IV. Anti terrorism program: A. There are four (4) basic program components associated with the anti terrorist program. The prevention which focuses on international initiative and diplomacy to discourage foreign states from supporting terrorism second is deterrence which emphasizes protection and security and efforts-essentially target hardening-to discourage terrorist acts, thirdly, the reaction, this consist of operations in response to specific major acts of terrorism and lastly is prediction, this includes intelligence and counterintelligence efforts in continues support of the three other program components B. The specific anti-terrorist measures developed and used in fighting terrorism Includes close international screening of all airlines and passengers for metallic objects, tighter security of diplomatic installations, compilation of watch list terrorist, adoption of measures to sow dissention within terrorist group thru black and gray covert operations. V. Ways to fight Terrorism: A. There follows a general measures in fighting terrorism, this are protection of terrorist targets. The terrorist commonly attack strong points such as airports, communications and national offices. Another is the need to expand intelligence gathering in order to initiate particular course of action and forestall the plan of the enemy. The community must also be train for trouble; this will be possible by preparing them to any unusual occurrence like terrorist attacks. The country should improve international cooperation and negotiate flexibly. Others are don’t rule rescues, lean on terrorist allies, order selective reprisals, crack down on unsafe airports and tighten airport and seaport security. B. Psychological operations (PSYOPS) approaches in countering terrorist threats. 1. Widespread educational program directed at audience in the affected areas will expose threat to stability and the quality of life by those threat groups 2. High visibility amnesty and â€Å"secret witness† programs could directly attack the organizational integrity and solidarity of those threat groups. 3. Target the rivalries and jealousy existing in those threat groups. 4. Develop constructive relationship among the various disputants to enhance high level diplomatic talks. C. To develop terrorism counteraction plans and programs, it is necessary to conduct threat studies, to provide an understanding of the capabilities and intentions of terrorist groups, Vulnerability surveys, to reveal the weakness that terrorist can attack and Analysis of all the effects of terrorism. D. PSYOPS doctrine prescribes the use off â€Å"Propaganda Analysis† to determine the effects of activities, programs or campaigns. The basic approaches in this procedure are analysis of Source, Contents, Audience, Media, and Effects (SCAME). Propaganda is the primary vehicle of psychological warfare. It includes any activity that affects emotion, attitude and behavior of a target audience (Marchetti, 1976) HOME GROWN TERRORISM: Scott Redd, director of the National Counterterrorism Center, said in a written statement to the Senate that the emergence of home-grown terrorist groups is posing â€Å"real challenges† for U. S. authorities despite law enforcement successes at disrupting potential attacks. Most security and counterterrorism officials believed that the next terrorist attack will not be the work of well-trained al-Qaeda operatives sent from abroad, but rather that of an American citizen. The White House’s National Strategy for Combating Terrorism says the main terrorist threat today comes from those who â€Å"exploit Islam and use terrorism for ideological ends. † Experts say individuals who are likely to adopt a terrorist ideology share several qualities: youth, unemployment, feelings of alienation, a longing to feel self-importance, and a need to be part of a group. Religion can be compelling to such individuals, who are then prone to exploitation by deceitful religious leaders. R. P. Eddy, senior fellow for counterterrorism at the Manhattan Institute, says, â€Å"If you think of any ethnic community in this country†¦there are people of all stripes. † However, he suggests counterterrorism efforts should pay close attention to Muslim communities in the United on lessons from the attacks in Madrid in 2003 and London in 2004, which originated in Muslim communities. The White House’s National Strategy for Combating Terrorism says that the main terrorist threat today comes from those who â€Å"exploit Islam and use terrorism for ideological ends. † Experts say individuals who are likely to adopt a terrorist ideology share several qualities: youth, unemployment, feelings of alienation, a longing to feel self-importance, and a need to be part of a group. Religion can be compelling to such individuals, who are then prone to exploitation by deceitful religious leaders. The relationship between American Muslims and homegrown terrorism. Though many of the homegrown terrorists identified in the United State especially since the 9/11 attacks have been Muslims, it is important to note that religious motivations are not present in all instances. It is suggested that counterterrorism efforts should pay close attention to Muslim communities in the United States, where al-Qaeda’s message of radical Islam is more likely to resonate. How have Muslim communities in the United States responded to the growing concern over homegrown terrorists? By and large, American Muslims express great concern over the prospect of homegrown terrorists in their midst. To this end, members of Islamic communities have worked to establish good relationships with U. S. officials, particularly on the local level. Hussein Ibish, executive director of the Hala Salaam Maksoud Foundation for Arab-American Leadership, says in terms of counterterrorism efforts, â€Å"Most of the major successes the government claims within the United States have actually involved cooperation with the local Muslim communities. How have U. S. officials reacted to the prospect of homegrown terrorists? Experts judge government responses as mixed. Generally speaking, the local approach proves most effective. Eddy says local police are the best tool the government has for preventing homegrown terrorists. Good community policing—establishing relationships and keeping abreast of trends in a neighborhood â€Å"based on common interests other than terrorism†Ã¢â‚¬â€underpins any effort to detect a homegrown plot. Eddy views officers as â€Å"first preventers and not just as first responders,† but it remains incumbent on political leaders to support them as such Home-grown cells were a new domestic phenomenon for which the FBI and law enforcement agencies had no â€Å"baseline† for measuring the scale of the problem CONCLUSION: Terrorism is a crime committed by a handful of extremist elements and should not be ad equated with any specific ethnic group or religion. Under no circumstances should double standards in applying this principle be allowed. To fight terrorism effectively requires efforts to address its ideological, socioeconomic and political root causes. This should involve strategies aimed at currently solving both current problems and identifying permanent solutions in the long run. An important prerequisite in this connection is to resolve the question of development and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. The so called war on terror is not just a war that can be won by sole reliance on military and coercive measures. Recommendation: The country should review and strengthen national mechanism to combat terrorism. Efforts in suppressing sources of funds must be doubled. The country needs to continuously deepen seeking cooperation from allies’ country in enforcing anti-terrorist program and practices. Develop regional capacity building programmed to enhance existing capabilities to detect, monitor and report terrorist acts and plans. Strengthen cooperation at the bilateral, regional and international levels in combating terrorism in a comprehensive manner and affirm that at the international level. Convene a high level of ad-hoc experts group as the lead to anti terrorism that will continue to focus on the preventions and control of terrorism. To better deter and prevent potential acts of terrorism at home, the state should enact law that will restrict the movement of those who pose a terrorist threat to the community to include organizations which advocate terrorism. Holds accountable all public and private organizations abetting terrorism; Calls for greater vigilance and concrete measures against all possible terrorist supplies, materials and finances. The country should designate Cabinet Oversight Committee on Internal Security as the lead to anti terrorism. Americans had to accustom to new security measures that complicated their travel, work, and recreation. United States agencies rearranged their priorities, and local governments scrambled to make preparations for potential terrorist attacks, possibly involving biological, chemical, or even nuclear weapons. References Banlaoi, 2004, War on Terrorism, Rex Bookstore Inc. , Recto Avenue Desker, B. , and Kumar R. ,( 2002) Forging an Indirect Strategy in Southeast Asia. † The washington Quarterly, Volume 25, No. 2 Dulles, A. , (1972) The Craft of Intelligence, New York, wermer paperback, Marchetti, V. (1976), The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, New York, Pell Agam, H. ,(2001) â€Å"Measure to Eliminate International Terrorism† New York, Paper Back. Ganor, B. (2003)Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter†, http://terror. host. net. kg Homer, D. (2003) The Rise of Complex Terrorism, http//www. Foreignpolicy. com http://counterterrorism. org/mt/pings. cgi/3655 . How to cite Counterterrorism and home grown terrorist, Papers

The Issues in Primary Education

Question: Describe the issues in Primary education? Answer: Introduction This part of the research deals in analyzing the various theories, concepts and proposed studies from the academic journals and books about the topic. The explanation of themes and the topics have helped the researcher to complete the research work effectively. High order thinking Attridge and Inglis (2013) opined that high order thinking which is commonly known as high order thinking skills are the types of learning skills that requires high cognitive processing but generates more benefits. The use of the critical thinking skills is required for the implementation of high order thinking. Baumann, Krems and Ritter (2010) added in simple words the individuals who have the ability to think on a level higher than memorizing of facts or copying the actions or thoughts of theory are said to able to implement high thinking abilities. Thus high order thinking requires the individual to understand the facts, infer from the facts, connect them to other facts and concepts, categorize them, manipulate them and implement them. Burnard and Swann, (2010) further added that the students must master the lower level skills before switching over to high order thinking skills. However to increase the High order thinking within the children of all ages the educational institution s should try to provide logical and reasonable answers to the questions of the children. The steps namely Avoiding rejection of answering a question Restate the question as a response Present information for the ignorant questions Encourage children to seek response though authority (Chang, 2008) Encourage brainstorming sessions and alternative explanations Figure 1: Steps of High order thinking (Source: Gigante, 2013, pp-96) However Lemco (2012) opined that the high order thinking skills can be enhanced when clarity is present within the communication skills so that there is less chance of any ambiguity and confusions. The implementation of higher order thinking can be effectively done within the students with the help of scaffolding. This process involves providing the students wth necessary support at the beginning of the task and then allows them to work independently. Some of the other learning strategies include rehearsal, elaboration, organization and meta cognition. Moreover sincere feedback providing immediate specific and corrective information should inform the learners of their progress (Marshall and Horton, 2011). Problem solving skills According to Muthivhi (2012) problem is a situation where the individual is willing to act positively but is not knowledgeable about the course of action and the consequences. Hence in order to build a high order thinking the individual learners must foster the process of problem solving. The problem solving process involves a series of decisions each of which depends on the outcomes of the preceding decisions (Pilten, 2010). In case of mathematical problems the learners should be guided by the educational institutions in solving the numerical using the following four steps namely: Defining the problem Seli, (2012) opined that the learners must be provided with initial guidance in order to define the numerical problems the solutions for which they need to find. On defining the problem the learners will be able to understand the complexity of the problems and will be able to evaluate the type of approach they should consider for solving of the problem (Yuvienco, 2012). Generating alternatives The complexity of the problem will help the learners to use their critical thinking ability to generate easier alternatives in solving the problems (Woodard and Woodard, 2011). The extensive use of research analytical skills and logical thinking capabilities are required for generating the alternative solutions. Evaluation and selection of alternatives Finally the learner will be able to judge the problem based on the alternative solutions. The learner will give preference on the solution which is easier to understand. The uses of brainstorming sessions will be helpful in this stage for the learners to ascertain the alternatives and evaluate them (Wang and Wang, 2010). Implementing the solutions The learner in the final step of the process will implement the chosen alternative. The logical implementation of the solution will benefit the learner in understanding the whole process and effective in solving the problem (Lemco, 2012). High order questioning The process of high order thinking can be successfully implemented by the system of high order questioning. Good learning can be implemented with the help of logical questions and not with answers because the questioning enables the teachers to check the understanding level of the learners. It also encourages the learners to engage and focus their thinking on various diverse concepts and ideas. Burnard and Swann (2010) opined that the teachers in an educational institute uses questioning and discussion to assess the effectiveness of their teaching and promote the learning of the pupils. A critical question stimulates thinking and often generates more questions in order to clarify the process of understanding. Alderson and Morrow (2011) moreover added that high order questioning push the learners to extend the limit of understanding and in the process of doing do the learners explore new branches of knowledge. The good question technique also improves the listening capabilities of the individuals. However Bell (2010) argued that the process of high order questioning may fail due to use of inappropriate questioning techniques and framing of excessive difficult or easy questions. Moreover the techniques can fail due to inconvenience on the part of the respondents. The learners may not be able to reciprocate the correct answer or may not make any further query in the peer fear. However the following factors contribute to the success of the high order questioning (Cockburn, 1999) All learners should get a chance to answer Learners should be aware of the actions of others Learners should have time to discuss and follow up their answers (Smith, 2007) Teachers should gain information about thinking and learning Importance of Problem solving, reasoning and numeracy in the early years foundation stage Terezinha and Bryant (1996) opined that critical thinking is important for the development of the learning on the areas of mathematics, painting and other curriculum activities. The use of the critical thinking concepts will help the children in their early foundation years to seek patterns, make connections and recognize relationships between the numerical in order to solve numerical problems. Hopkins (2014) opined that the development of the numerical problem solving ability in the early stage will help the individual child to foster effective logical reasoning skills in the later stages of educational development. With the advancement in the field of educational techniques the students are now made to learn the basic counting skills with the help of real life objects. The use of the number lines everywhere in the educational institutes stimulates discussion about numbers and children learns about the easy numerical problems while playing with the number lines. Harcourt et al. (201 1) suggested that all children will be able to succeed in generating numerical problem solving ability if the educationalists provide them the opportunity to explore the mathematical ideas in ways that would make sense to them and opportunities to develop mathematical concepts and understanding. Children mathematical graphics In the year 2003 the term Children Mathematical Graphics was invented by Worthington and Carruthers to describe a range of mathematical marks of the children. The visual representations found in the educational institute premises including scribbles, drawings, writing, iconic marks and standard symbols forms a part of the Children mathematical Graphics. Bell (2010) suggested that this graphical representation suggests that the children use their own mathematical representations to help them think and communicate the numerical problems with each other. The graphics are important for the development of the numerical skills because with the use of their own graphics the children are able to represent their mental mathematics on paper. The key features of children mathematical graphics are as follows: Children make their own choice to represent their mathematical thinking Children making their own meanings of the numerical problems (Bell, 2010) Children makes or generates standard graphics for the process of the numerical problem solving They create their own layout for solving and understanding of the numerical problems However Cockburn (1999) added that the importance of the childrens play time is relevant in the formation of the graphics. The graphics and the representations have been discovered during the time of play because the children are able to make the personal interpretations and communications at the time of play. Deductive Reasoning skills In case of a fact if all terms are clear, premises are true and the rules of logic are followed then the deductive reasoning skills can be achieved. Burton and Bartlett (2009) opined that the four major reasoning skills are Storage and retrieval skills, matching skills and execution skills. The storage and retrieval skills enable the individual to transfer information from long term memory to the present. The matching skills enable the learner to match the similarity or dissimilarity of the incoming information with the information retrieved from the memory. Finally the use of the executive skills helps the learners to evaluate the alternative options and implement the logical alternative (Alderson and Morrow, 2011). Summery The chapter highlights the basic concepts of the high order thinking and high order questioning that helps in developing the skills and knowledge level of the learners. With the help of the secondary information gathered from the journals and books the researcher will be able to evaluate the collected data. Reference list Books Alderson, P. and Morrow, V. (2011). The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: a practical handbook. 2nd ed. London: Sage. Barmby, P., Bolden, D. and Thompson, L. (2014) Understanding and Enriching Problem Solving in Primary Mathematics. Northwich: Critical Publishing. Bell, J. (2010) Doing Your Research Project: a guide for first-time researchers in education, health and social science. 5th ed. Buckingham: Open University Press. Burton, D. and Bartlett, S. (2009) Key issues for Education Researchers. London: Sage. Cockburn, A. D. (1999) Teaching Mathematics with Insight. London: Falmer Press Harcourt, D., Perry, B. and Waller, T. (2011).Researching Young Childrens Perspectives: debating the ethics and dilemmas of educational research. London: Routledge. Hopkins, D. (2014) A Teacher's Guide to Classroom Research. 4th ed. Buckingham: Open University Press Smith, A. M. (2007) Mathematics in Nursery Education. 2nd Ed Oxon: Rotledge. Terezinha N. and Bryant. P. (1996) Children doing Mathematics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Journals Attridge, N. and Inglis, M. (2013). Advanced Mathematical Study and the Development of Conditional Reasoning Skills. PLoS ONE, 8(7), p.e69399. Baumann, M., Krems, J. and Ritter, F. (2010). Learning from examples does not prevent order effects in belief revision. Thinking Reasoning, 16(2), pp.98-130. Burnard, P. and Swann, M. (2010). Pupil perceptions of learning with artists: A new order of experience?. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5(2), pp.70-82. Chang, C. (2008). Does Problem Solving = Prior Knowledge + Reasoning Skills in Earth Science? An Exploratory Study. Res Sci Educ, 40(2), pp.103-116. Gigante, J. (2013). Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills to Help your Learners ?Get? the Diagnosis. Pediat Therapeut, 03(04). Lemco, I. (2012). Deep thinking and high ideas [design history]. Engineering Technology, 7(11), pp.76-78. Marshall, J. and Horton, R. (2011). The Relationship of Teacher-Facilitated, Inquiry-Based Instruction to Student Higher-Order Thinking. School Science and Mathematics, 111(3), pp.93-101. Muthivhi, A. (2012). Schooling and the Development of Verbal Thinking: Tshivenda-Speaking Children's Reasoning and Classification Skills. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(1), pp.82-92. Pilten, G. (2010). Evaluation of the skills of 5th grade primary school students high-order thinking levels in reading. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), pp.1326-1331. Schultz, R. (2012). Paradigm thinking: passionate hopefulness and more than 20 cents of effort. High Ability Studies, 23(1), pp.107-108. Seli, G. (2012). The utility of conscious thinking on higher-order theory. Philosophical Explorations, 15(3), pp.303-316. Sugden, S. (2012). The Number Crunch game: a simple vehicle for building algebraic reasoning skills. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 43(2), pp.244-258. Wang, S. and Wang, H. (2010). Organizational schemata of e-portfolios for fostering higher-order thinking. Inf Syst Front, 14(2), pp.395-407. Woodard, R. and Woodard, R. (2011). Higher Order Thinking Through the Synthesis of Theological Models. Teaching Theology Religion, 14(1), pp.23-24. Yuvienco, J. (2012). ESP pedagogy: Blending low and high order thinking. IJRSLL, 1(2).